1
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In the mountains
of southern Bavaria,

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00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:47,040
on the slopes of the Obersalzberg,

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00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:51,200
Adolf Hitler built his retreat -
the Berghof.

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00:00:56,440 --> 00:01:01,000
Here, he would relax
by watching feature films.

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00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:05,160
And he liked one film
in particular.

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00:01:21,040 --> 00:01:24,640
<font color="

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00:01:39,640 --> 00:01:44,520
These buttons represent troops,
understand? Yes, sir. Good.

8
00:01:44,520 --> 00:01:49,560
The buttons are thickest near the
north-west frontier. Yes. Always.

9
00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:53,240
We have 300 million to protect.

10
00:02:08,800 --> 00:02:11,520
To Hitler,
<font color="

11
00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:15,760
was perfect proof of the superiority
of the Aryan race.

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00:02:15,760 --> 00:02:18,720
HE ISSUES ORDERS

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00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:29,960
Later, in 1941, he said...
"Let's learn from the English,

14
00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:33,440
"who, with 250,000 men in all,

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00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:36,160
"including 50,000 soldiers,

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00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:39,360
<font color="

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00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:41,680
"What India is for England,

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00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:45,240
the territories of Russia
will be for us."

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00:02:45,240 --> 00:02:47,760
You keep me covered, I can make it.

20
00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:58,520
Yet, in 1939, Hitler ended up

21
00:02:58,520 --> 00:03:03,320
at war with the country
he most admired - Great Britain -

22
00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:07,960
<font color="

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00:03:03,320 --> 00:03:07,960
he most wanted to colonise - Russia.

24
00:03:07,960 --> 00:03:09,200
How did he end up fighting

25
00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:12,880
what was, from his point of view,
the wrong war?

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00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:24,400
MEN SING IN GERMAN

27
00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:41,360
On 30th January 1933, the same day
Hitler became Chancellor,

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00:03:41,360 --> 00:03:45,800
<font color="
in Berlin.

29
00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:56,680
After the years of unemployment,
inflation and political uncertainty,

30
00:03:56,680 --> 00:04:02,240
Hitler promised Germany would be
reborn and national pride restored.

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00:04:02,240 --> 00:04:05,960
Germany would be a world power
once again,

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00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:09,480
<font color="
decided in a new way.

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00:04:09,480 --> 00:04:12,120
By the desires of one man.

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00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:16,720
And every true German,
especially the Nazi storm troopers,

35
00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:21,320
now had to be obedient
to the will of their Fuhrer.

36
00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:25,760
HITLER ADDRESSES MEN, THEY RESPOND

37
00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:21,320
<font color="

38
00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:50,040
Under Hitler, the German armed
forces would have all the guns,

39
00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:55,440
tanks and planes they needed.
And more besides.

40
00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:38,160
These armaments were paid for
by a series of sophisticated loans

41
00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:40,840
which mortgaged Germany's future.

42
00:06:40,840 --> 00:06:42,640
<font color="

43
00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:46,040
by Reich Minister of Economics,
Hjalmar Schacht.

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00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:10,120
Hitler wasn't interested in how
Schacht worked the economic miracle.

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00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:15,360
He simply told Schacht to get on
with the job any way he liked.

46
00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:20,200
<font color="
a conference with Schacht

47
00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:25,600
"to find out what means were at our
disposal. I restricted myself to,

48
00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:29,640
'This is what I require.
This is what I must have.' "

49
00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:40,680
Hitler was obsessed with the idea
<font color="

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00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:46,320
and Goebbels' propaganda films
reflected this obsession.

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00:07:46,320 --> 00:07:52,160
Hitler believed humans were animals.
The strongest animal would win.

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00:07:52,160 --> 00:07:57,080
If his subordinates were strong
enough, they'd succeed without him.

53
00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:25,800
Just as it was with animals,

54
00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:30,360
<font color="
and even whole countries.

55
00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:35,880
Hitler believed the entire world
was locked in a permanent struggle

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00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:38,840
in which the stronger must prevail.

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00:08:38,840 --> 00:08:44,760
This was the theory he developed in
Mein Kampf, which he wrote in 1924.

58
00:08:44,760 --> 00:08:48,040
He also wrote that the Germans
<font color="

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00:08:48,040 --> 00:08:50,120
Like the British,
they needed colonies,

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00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:53,400
and he was clear
where they should find them.

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00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:55,680
"We are putting an end

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00:08:55,680 --> 00:08:59,280
"to the German march towards
the south and west of Europe,

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00:08:59,280 --> 00:09:01,360
<font color="
east.

64
00:09:01,360 --> 00:09:07,200
"When we speak of a new land in
Europe,

65
00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:11,960
we must bear in mind Russia
and the border states subject to her.

66
00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:16,520
"Destiny itself seems to wish
to point the way for us here."

67
00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:20,520
<font color="
after he became Chancellor,

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00:09:20,520 --> 00:09:25,960
Hitler repeatedly stated what

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he saw as Germany's central problem.

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00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:28,720
Germany simply wasn't big enough.

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00:09:46,760 --> 00:09:50,440
ROAR OF APPROVAL

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00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:15,360
Germany, Victory Heil!

73
00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:15,360
CROWD RESPONDS

74
00:10:17,240 --> 00:10:21,840
<font color="
one foreign policy goal.

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00:10:21,840 --> 00:10:24,360
He wanted, as he saw it,

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00:10:24,360 --> 00:10:27,680
to right the wrong of the Treaty
of Versailles,

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00:10:27,680 --> 00:10:31,440
by which Germany had
lost territory at the end of WWI,

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00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:35,480
and was restricted
to an army of 100,000.

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00:10:35,480 --> 00:10:41,000
<font color="
enthusiastic and believed in Hitler

80
00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:47,840
and thought it was a wonderful task
to overcome the consequences of WWI,

81
00:10:47,840 --> 00:10:50,880
especially the Treaty of Versailles.

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00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:55,360
So we were in a high mood.

83
00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:07,680
To help overcome Versailles,
<font color="

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00:11:07,680 --> 00:11:13,480
England and Englishmen were admired
by the German ruling classes.

85
00:11:13,480 --> 00:11:19,840
They embraced what they took to be
the ideals of the English gentleman.

86
00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:22,400
Country estates and fox hunting.

87
00:11:31,680 --> 00:11:39,680
I always hoped that England - I'm
<font color="

88
00:11:39,680 --> 00:11:42,320
England would see what Germany was
planning to do,

89
00:11:42,320 --> 00:11:47,240
was building up too much,
and would agree to share Europe,

90
00:11:47,240 --> 00:11:49,520
or whatever the politics.

91
00:11:53,320 --> 00:11:55,120
Whilst the English

92
00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:59,400
may not have wanted to share Europe
<font color="

93
00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:01,480
they and the rest of Britain

94
00:12:01,480 --> 00:12:05,240
felt some form of accommodation
should be reached

95
00:12:05,240 --> 00:12:07,160
with their former enemy.

96
00:12:07,160 --> 00:12:10,400
The general view in Britain

97
00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:12,480
was that the French had imposed,

98
00:12:12,480 --> 00:12:15,360
and we had obviously been connected
with it,

99
00:12:15,360 --> 00:12:21,280
<font color="
a settlement on Germany in 1918,

100
00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:23,800
and that this should be rectified.

101
00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:25,600
And, to that extent,

102
00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:29,640
there was a slight feeling of
"we ought to have done better".

103
00:12:29,640 --> 00:12:33,120
If you call that a sentiment
of guilt, all right.

104
00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:35,680
<font color="
guilt, quite.

105
00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:43,400
The first fruits of Hitler's attempt
to woo the British

106
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:45,120
came in June 1935,

107
00:12:45,120 --> 00:12:49,120
when Germany and Britain
signed a naval agreement,

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00:12:49,120 --> 00:12:52,200
allowing Germany to rebuild her
fleet

109
00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:55,080
<font color="
by the Treaty of Versailles.

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00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:57,320
Hitler said
the day the agreement was signed

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00:12:57,320 --> 00:12:58,840
was the happiest of his life.

112
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,560
And Hitler sought to capitalise
on the agreement

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00:13:09,560 --> 00:13:12,200
by sending the
Nazi who had negotiated the deal,

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00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:16,800
<font color="
to London as German ambassador

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00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:18,160
in the summer of 1936.

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00:13:19,720 --> 00:13:22,920
The task was 100%

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00:13:22,920 --> 00:13:29,760
to find
a German-British alliance,

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00:13:29,760 --> 00:13:35,440
because he had arranged before,
quite well, the naval agreement

119
00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:43,000
and that should be crowned by
<font color="

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00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:46,800
And he, at the beginning,
he worked on this.

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00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:50,960
Ribbentrop was not a success
in Britain.

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00:13:50,960 --> 00:13:56,440
Not only did the British not want
a wide-ranging treaty of alliance

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00:13:56,440 --> 00:14:01,480
with Nazi Germany, Ribbentrop
<font color="

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00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:05,040
like
giving a Nazi salute to King George
VI.

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00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:11,120
No, Ribbentrop was regarded as
not a gentleman. That kind of thing.

126
00:14:11,120 --> 00:14:14,240
And he wanted to be considered a
gentleman.

127
00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:17,560
He was VON Ribbentrop. He
<font color="

128
00:14:17,560 --> 00:14:20,040
I don't think that that went down at
all well,

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00:14:20,040 --> 00:14:26,160
even in circles which felt
we must get on with the Germans.

130
00:14:26,160 --> 00:14:29,640
I think his mission was disastrous.

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00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:34,160
GERMAN SPEAKER:

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00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:34,160
Sometimes he shouted,

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00:14:34,160 --> 00:14:36,640
<font color="

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00:14:36,640 --> 00:14:40,960
He threw pencils
at the secretaries...

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00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:47,440
So, privately, he behaved very simply
and stupidly, and very pompous.

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00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:50,560
And the British don't like this,
pompous people.

137
00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:53,640
And he was
<font color="

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00:14:55,880 --> 00:14:58,400
Goebbels said of Ribbentrop...

139
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,000
"He bought his name,
he married his money

140
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:03,400
"and he swindled his way into
office."

141
00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:07,960
Count Ciano, the Italian foreign
minister,

142
00:15:07,960 --> 00:15:11,760
revealed that Mussolini
<font color="

143
00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:17,920
"You only have to look at his head
to see that he has a small brain."

144
00:15:17,920 --> 00:15:22,840
Ribbentrop was loathed by
almost all the other leading Nazis.

145
00:15:22,840 --> 00:15:27,880
They thought him a humourless
upstart. Yet Hitler supported him.

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00:15:27,880 --> 00:15:31,440
Hitler said,
<font color="

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00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:34,920
"With Ribbentrop, it is so easy.

148
00:15:34,920 --> 00:15:38,960
"He's always radical.

149
00:15:38,960 --> 00:15:43,760
"Meanwhile, all the other people
I have, they come here,

150
00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:48,840
"they have problems, they are afraid,
they think we should take care,

151
00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:53,400
"and then I have to blow them up
<font color="

152
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:59,400
"Ribbentrop was blowing the whole
day, and I had to do nothing.

153
00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:03,320
"I had to break, give breaks there.
Much better."

154
00:16:03,320 --> 00:16:08,360
Ribbentrop had a great insight
into how to deal with Hitler.

155
00:16:08,360 --> 00:16:10,960
He knew Hitler always smiled kindly

156
00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:15,800
<font color="
a radical solution to any problem.

157
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:21,520
It didn't matter if Hitler
didn't adopt the suggestion.

158
00:16:21,520 --> 00:16:23,040
This was an insight

159
00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:28,600
another
much more intelligent member
of Hitler's regime didn't have.

160
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:32,960
<font color="
the German economy was overheating,

161
00:16:32,960 --> 00:16:38,320
and armament production should be
scaled down to stop hyperinflation.

162
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:06,560
Instead, Hitler was furious
with his economics minister.

163
00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:09,320
Schacht was sidelined.

164
00:17:10,640 --> 00:17:14,240
The economy was now put
<font color="

165
00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,080
though ignorant of economic theory,
was certainly a proven radical.

166
00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:23,560
Herman Goering.

167
00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,920
HORNS PLAY

168
00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:41,160
CHEERING

169
00:17:46,240 --> 00:17:50,560
He was a... You would say,
"a jolly good fellow."

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00:17:50,560 --> 00:17:53,440
Jolly good fellow! Loved to show off.

171
00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:59,560
<font color="
and...had funny hobbies.

172
00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:05,400
Loved paintings and loved to live
in luxury, in Karinhall,

173
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:09,440
which was near Berlin,
in the Schorfheide,

174
00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:13,680
where he built some
kind of castle for hunting purposes.

175
00:18:13,680 --> 00:18:17,560
<font color="
Just wonderful!

176
00:18:17,560 --> 00:18:21,720
And upstairs, in the attic,

177
00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:26,800
he had an electric train built.
Various trains running round.

178
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:31,480
He played there like a child.
Loved to play there.

179
00:18:31,480 --> 00:18:33,240
So therefore,

180
00:18:33,240 --> 00:18:39,600
<font color="
vassal to Hitler,

181
00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:42,280
he was a big child.

182
00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:30,840
What did Hitler
want his new army for?

183
00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:33,200
At first, it seemed the answer
might be

184
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:37,240
just to overturn the
worst consequences of Versailles.

185
00:19:37,240 --> 00:19:39,920
<font color="

186
00:19:39,920 --> 00:19:44,920
into the demilitarised portion
of Germany - the Rhineland.

187
00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:49,000
There was little
international protest.

188
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:52,360
Then, at a secret meeting in
November 1937,

189
00:19:52,360 --> 00:19:54,640
he told his generals

190
00:19:52,360 --> 00:19:54,640
Germany must expand to survive,

191
00:19:54,640 --> 00:19:57,000
<font color="
Germany's problem could be solved

192
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:58,080
only by the use of force.

193
00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:01,760
Austria and Czechoslovakia were
named by Hitler

194
00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:03,400
as the first targets.

195
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:06,960
The leading generals
were not enthusiastic.

196
00:20:06,960 --> 00:20:09,840
They offered sober
<font color="

197
00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:11,480
not the applause he wanted.

198
00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:17,280
Within three months, the war
minister and commander of the army

199
00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:22,360
were removed after personal
scandals.

200
00:20:22,360 --> 00:20:26,800
Hitler took the opportunity
to appoint the most radical Nazi

201
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:31,320
<font color="

202
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:31,320
of the German armed forces. Himself.

203
00:20:37,240 --> 00:20:42,040
It was in the mountains above
Berchtezgaden in southern Bavaria

204
00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:44,040
that Hitler liked to dream
of Germany's forthcoming greatness.

205
00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:49,880
He later said
that his greatest ideas

206
00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:51,200
<font color="

207
00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:58,040
In the afternoon,
he would go on walks

208
00:20:58,040 --> 00:21:00,680
between the
great peaks of the Obersalzberg.

209
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:08,320
In the early evening,
he would return to the Berghof -

210
00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:11,080
a house run for him
by Herbert Dohring -

211
00:21:11,080 --> 00:21:12,880
<font color="
of Hitler's own personal guard,

212
00:21:12,880 --> 00:21:15,760
the SS Leibstandarte.

213
00:21:15,760 --> 00:21:16,800
IN GERMAN:

214
00:21:49,120 --> 00:21:51,520
At the Berghof, Hitler indulged
himself

215
00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:54,800
by planning great cities
he'd build in his new Germany.

216
00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:01,320
Herbert Dohring constantly folded
<font color="

217
00:22:01,320 --> 00:22:05,280
so his master could dream his
dreams.

218
00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:07,280
Sometimes,
it seemed Hitler did little else.

219
00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:13,800
INTERVIEWER:

220
00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:40,400
When not dreaming of future German
cities or of German expansion,

221
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:45,720
Hitler would lose himself in
<font color="

222
00:22:45,720 --> 00:22:48,360
At the Berghof, always two a night.

223
00:22:48,360 --> 00:22:50,520
He preferred escapist entertainment,

224
00:22:50,520 --> 00:22:53,560
and Goebbels always made sure
there was plenty on hand.

225
00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:10,800
DRAMATIC MUSIC PLAYS

226
00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:35,960
ROMANTIC MUSIC PLAYS

227
00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:51,200
At the Berghof
<font color="

228
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:52,720
Hitler saw an opportunity

229
00:23:52,720 --> 00:23:57,320
to take the first step in achieving
one of his most cherished dreams -

230
00:23:57,320 --> 00:23:59,840
to bring other German-speaking
people under his rule.

231
00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:05,880
He capitalised on political
instability in neighbouring Austria,

232
00:24:05,880 --> 00:24:09,200
<font color="
hugely under Nazi influence.

233
00:24:11,240 --> 00:24:15,200
After checking that no foreign
power would interfere,

234
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:17,160
he ordered
German troops to cross the border.

235
00:24:21,320 --> 00:24:24,560
LOUD CHEERING

236
00:24:29,760 --> 00:24:35,240
The majority of Austrians welcomed
<font color="

237
00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:36,560
The Austrians, too, had suffered

238
00:24:36,560 --> 00:24:39,200
as their empire was dismantled in
the settlement at the end of WW1.

239
00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:46,880
Now, united with Germany,
they were a power once again.

240
00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:55,120
CRIES OF "SIEG HEIL!"

241
00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:05,400
It had been the nicest days of
<font color="

242
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:09,080
I entered with Hitler
in the sixth car.

243
00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:12,400
I had tears in my eyes.

244
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:17,360
All my dreams of reuniting Austria
with Germany...

245
00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:21,560
Don't forget, Austria
was ruling Germany during 600 years.

246
00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:26,960
<font color="
of the year '18 and Versailles,

247
00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:30,800
for us it was a dream.

248
00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:42,520
I suppose a lot of people in England
would say,

249
00:25:42,520 --> 00:25:47,640
"They ARE Germans, after
all. That's what they really want."

250
00:25:47,640 --> 00:25:51,920
But it was, after all,
<font color="

251
00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:54,760
CROWD ROARS

252
00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:58,080
CRIES OF "SIEG HEIL!"

253
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:11,040
CHILDREN CHANT “SIEG HAIL!”

254
00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:38,520
CROWD ROARS

255
00:26:38,520 --> 00:26:42,160
I think we cried.

256
00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:49,360
Tears were running down our cheeks.
With the neighbours it was the same.

257
00:26:49,360 --> 00:26:53,160
And when Hitler came to me,

258
00:26:53,160 --> 00:26:57,080
<font color="

259
00:26:57,080 --> 00:27:01,560
I just looked at him
and I saw good eyes.

260
00:27:01,560 --> 00:27:06,160
And in my heart, I promised him,

261
00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:09,960
"I always will be faithful to you."

262
00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:12,520
I kept my promise.

263
00:27:12,520 --> 00:27:16,440
All my free time, besides school,

264
00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:21,280
I gave to the work,
<font color="

265
00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:25,000
"You all..." he had said that to us.

266
00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:31,080
"You all shall help me
build up my empire

267
00:27:31,080 --> 00:27:38,600
"to be a good empire,
with happy people

268
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:42,840
"who are thinking and promising

269
00:27:42,840 --> 00:27:45,760
"to be good people."

270
00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:49,840
But this was not going to be
<font color="

271
00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:53,080
Heinrich Himmler, commander
of the SS,

272
00:27:53,080 --> 00:27:56,960
was one of the first
German Nazis into Austria.

273
00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:02,120
Like Hitler, Himmler thought
himself a radical and a visionary.

274
00:28:02,120 --> 00:28:06,400
This former Bavarian chicken farmer

275
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:10,040
made Wewelsburg Castle
<font color="

276
00:28:10,040 --> 00:28:12,520
the elite group
which had emerged

277
00:28:12,520 --> 00:28:14,280
from Hitler's own personal
bodyguard.

278
00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:21,920
MEN SING IN GERMAN

279
00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:38,600
Himmler believed
these were the superior beings

280
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,200
who would crush Germany's enemies.

281
00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:56,920
<font color="
of the SS would meet in this room,

282
00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:59,480
like the Knights of the Round Table,

283
00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:04,440
subordinate only to their own
"King Arthur" - Adolf Hitler.

284
00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:09,000
Here, they would plan
how to rule over their own empire.

285
00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:13,120
Himmler said in 1938,

286
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:18,400
<font color="
greater Germanic empire

287
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:23,240
"or a nothing. I believe if we in
the SS are doing our duty,

288
00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:26,440
"the Fuhrer will create this greater
Germanic empire,

289
00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:29,000
"this greater Germanic Reich.

290
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:34,280
"The biggest empire ever created by
<font color="

291
00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:39,520
In Austria, the first territory
of this new, greater Germany,

292
00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:43,640
the SS and the other Nazis revealed
how they intended to rule.

293
00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:47,920
With intolerance and cruelty.
Just as in Germany,

294
00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:52,240
the Nazis made the Jews
<font color="

295
00:29:52,240 --> 00:29:55,560
There was no protection
from anywhere.

296
00:29:55,560 --> 00:30:00,800
Anybody could come up to you
and do what they want.

297
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:06,280
Austrian Jews were made to perform
a variety of humiliating tasks,

298
00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:08,800
like scrubbing the streets clean.

299
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:12,880
<font color="
as well.

300
00:30:12,880 --> 00:30:15,440
Can't remember anything,

301
00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:21,000
except that I saw in the crowd
a well-dressed young woman,

302
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:25,960
and she was holding up a little girl,
a blonde, lovely girl,

303
00:30:25,960 --> 00:30:30,360
you know, with these curls,
<font color="

304
00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:33,720
So that the girl could see better,

305
00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:39,280
a...maybe 22-year-old kicked
an old Jew who fell down.

306
00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:44,160
They all laughed,
and she laughed as well.

307
00:30:44,160 --> 00:30:50,040
Sort of, how happy. That was
a wonderful...entertainment.

308
00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:54,520
<font color="
persecuted that many simply fled,

309
00:30:54,520 --> 00:31:00,440
AFTER, of course, the SS had robbed
them of most of their money.

310
00:31:02,280 --> 00:31:04,960
17-year-old Walter Kammerling

311
00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:08,800
was seen off at Vienna station
by his parents.

312
00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:11,840
It's a nightmare situation.

313
00:31:11,840 --> 00:31:16,640
<font color="
It was like in a haze.

314
00:31:16,640 --> 00:31:19,720
And it was only days after that it
struck me,

315
00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:24,040
when I wanted to talk to
my parents and, of course, couldn't.

316
00:31:26,120 --> 00:31:28,440
After the Nazi takeover of Austria,

317
00:31:28,440 --> 00:31:32,680
Adolf Hitler returned to Berlin
<font color="

318
00:31:32,680 --> 00:31:36,120
WILD CHEERING

319
00:31:40,840 --> 00:31:45,360
He was more popular now
than he had ever been before.

320
00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:51,560
His new Reich
contained over 80 million Germans.

321
00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:55,800
The humiliations of Versailles
were almost forgotten.

322
00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:56,960
But not quite.

323
00:31:56,960 --> 00:32:03,400
<font color="
his eyes towards Czechoslovakia.

324
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:05,120
He focused his demands

325
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:09,160
on the Sudeten Germans
who lived in the border areas,

326
00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:14,240
proclaiming that they too, as
Germans, should be under his rule.

327
00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:20,080
Not all German generals went along
<font color="

328
00:32:20,080 --> 00:32:22,040
Some, like General Beck,

329
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:26,200
feared he was leading Germany
into another world war.

330
00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:30,080
They secretly communicated
their concerns to the British.

331
00:32:30,080 --> 00:32:32,640
From then on, of course,

332
00:32:32,640 --> 00:32:38,600
that group of generals, for they
<font color="

333
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:42,440
kept in touch with us,
by underground means,

334
00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:45,000
and they used to come through me.

335
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:49,920
It was a sort of thing of, "If you
and the French stand up to Hitler,

336
00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:51,240
"we'll do something about him",

337
00:32:51,240 --> 00:32:53,960
and we saying, "Hadn't you better
<font color="

338
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:59,720
"and then perhaps we can help you?"

339
00:32:59,720 --> 00:33:02,560
As Hitler had success after success,

340
00:33:02,560 --> 00:33:07,760
the possibility of the group getting
rid of him became less and less.

341
00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:12,480
With Germany threatening
Czechoslovakia,

342
00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:17,560
the British Prime Minister, Neville
<font color="

343
00:33:17,560 --> 00:33:21,840
The crisis grew,
as twice Chamberlain met Hitler,

344
00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:26,320
and, on each occasion,
Hitler increased his demands.

345
00:33:26,320 --> 00:33:30,520
Finally, Chamberlain left
for one last meeting,

346
00:33:30,520 --> 00:33:32,600
on 29th September 1938.

347
00:33:34,320 --> 00:33:37,560
<font color="

348
00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:40,920
I used to repeat,

349
00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:43,640
"If at first you don't succeed,

350
00:33:43,640 --> 00:33:46,560
"try, try, try again."

351
00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:49,080
That's what I'm doing.

352
00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:56,040
When I come back,
I hope I may be able to say,

353
00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:59,800
as Hotspur says in Henry IV,

354
00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:03,400
"Out of this nettle, danger,

355
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,480
<font color="

356
00:34:06,480 --> 00:34:09,640
CROWD CHEERS

357
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:23,680
Chamberlain sat alongside
Ribbentrop,

358
00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:25,520
now promoted
to German Foreign Minister,

359
00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:28,280
as the motorcade made its way
to the conference hall in Munich.

360
00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:43,480
Finally, an agreement was reached,

361
00:34:43,480 --> 00:34:48,240
<font color="

362
00:34:48,240 --> 00:34:50,960
Hitler could have the Sudetenland,

363
00:34:50,960 --> 00:34:56,560
as long as he promised this was
his final territorial demand.

364
00:34:56,560 --> 00:35:00,800
Chamberlain, naturally,
knew public opinion in Britain.

365
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:03,280
That's not the Foreign Office's job.

366
00:35:03,280 --> 00:35:06,280
He knew public opinion
<font color="

367
00:35:06,280 --> 00:35:07,800
which mattered a good deal,

368
00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:10,600
and felt, and I think quite rightly,

369
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:16,920
really, that public opinion
would not understand

370
00:35:16,920 --> 00:35:21,080
getting involved
as an ally of France, so to speak,

371
00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:23,680
in a war with Germany, in Europe,

372
00:35:23,680 --> 00:35:28,360
<font color="
being attached to other Germans.

373
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:31,200
But Hitler was still disgruntled.

374
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:37,120
Shortly after the agreement was
signed, he said he'd been tricked.

375
00:35:37,120 --> 00:35:44,240
I heard that, say,
the day after the Munich conference

376
00:35:44,240 --> 00:35:48,560
by some people who had been
<font color="

377
00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:53,600
or with his surrounding people...
and Ribbentrop, and so on,

378
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:56,800
and they said that Hitler had the
idea

379
00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:59,640
that he had failed to get his
war.

380
00:35:59,640 --> 00:36:03,520
That he had taken...

381
00:36:11,840 --> 00:36:15,400
One German soldier
<font color="

382
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:18,960
as he entered the Sudetenland,
and filmed scenes

383
00:36:18,960 --> 00:36:21,400
reminiscent of the victorious German
entry into Austria

384
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:22,640
just six months
previously.

385
00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:34,680
The German army officers were
ecstatic too,

386
00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:40,240
<font color="
the Czech border defences -

387
00:36:40,240 --> 00:36:42,760
the barbed wire,
pillboxes and minefields

388
00:36:42,760 --> 00:36:45,000
with which the Czechs
had sought to defend their country.

389
00:36:48,480 --> 00:36:54,040
The rest of Czechoslovakia now lay
naked in front of the German army...

390
00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:58,680
<font color="
Adolf Hitler.

391
00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:02,840
BAND PLAYS

392
00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:06,720
Hitler asked the ageing

393
00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:06,720
President Hacha of Czechoslovakia

394
00:37:06,720 --> 00:37:08,960
to Berlin in March 1939 for talks.

395
00:37:12,720 --> 00:37:14,840
Hitler humiliated Ax
by keeping him waiting.

396
00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:17,160
He was busy that evening,

397
00:37:17,160 --> 00:37:22,160
<font color="
one of Goebbels' latest romantic
comedies,

398
00:37:22,160 --> 00:37:25,400
called A Hopeless Case.

399
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:51,120
Papa!

400
00:38:25,920 --> 00:38:30,680
Hitler eventually saw Hacha
at 1.15 in the morning.

401
00:38:30,680 --> 00:38:32,160
He announced
that in a few hours' time,

402
00:38:32,160 --> 00:38:34,400
<font color="
country.

403
00:38:34,400 --> 00:38:38,720
At 4am, the distraught Hacha

404
00:38:38,720 --> 00:38:41,440
signed over the Czech people
into Hitler's "care".

405
00:38:42,720 --> 00:38:49,120
As dawn broke, Hitler
held a celebration in his office.

406
00:38:49,120 --> 00:38:51,680
There was a sort of private party,

407
00:38:51,680 --> 00:38:56,840
<font color="
champagne. Hitler had mineral water.

408
00:38:56,840 --> 00:39:02,200
It was amazing to see how he behaved
when he was among his friends,

409
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:06,840
and hadn't to behave
like the statesman for the public.

410
00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:12,040
So he was sitting...first of all,
like this, everything here open.

411
00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:16,520
<font color="
Drinking his mineral water.

412
00:39:16,520 --> 00:39:21,600
And then the interesting thing...
talking like this, the whole time...

413
00:39:21,600 --> 00:39:25,240
In the meantime, he dictated to two
secretaries

414
00:39:25,240 --> 00:39:29,600
one proclamation to the
German people, one to the Czechs,

415
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:31,520
<font color="

416
00:39:31,520 --> 00:39:36,560
to be transmitted by
the Prince of Hesse the next morning.

417
00:39:36,560 --> 00:39:41,160
So he did all that at the same time,
and I was a youngster of 24,

418
00:39:41,160 --> 00:39:43,720
so that's how a genius looks at home.

419
00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:50,000
German troops assembling to cross
<font color="

420
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:52,680
were about to take a momentous step.

421
00:39:53,760 --> 00:39:56,000
This boundary post
marks the old border

422
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:59,800
between the Sudetenland
and the rest of Czechoslovakia.

423
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:02,760
Crossing this, Hitler showed

424
00:40:02,760 --> 00:40:06,480
that his claim that he wanted only
<font color="

425
00:40:06,480 --> 00:40:07,520
was a sham.

426
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:15,000
The country these German troops
now entered had never been German,

427
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:20,280
and had no German-speaking majority
within it. This was an invasion.

428
00:41:17,240 --> 00:41:21,800
BAND PLAYS SLOW MARCH

429
00:41:22,720 --> 00:41:28,360
Gone were the cheering faces
<font color="

430
00:41:28,360 --> 00:41:30,240
This time,
the German military parade

431
00:41:30,240 --> 00:41:31,720
was watched by a silent crowd.

432
00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:50,320
Hitler visited Prague
and its castle -

433
00:41:50,320 --> 00:41:51,840
the old residence
of the Czech kings -

434
00:41:51,840 --> 00:41:53,480
less than 24 hours

435
00:41:53,480 --> 00:41:58,560
<font color="
to President Hacha.

436
00:42:00,360 --> 00:42:04,320
Looking over Prague,
Hitler was full of joy.

437
00:42:04,320 --> 00:42:09,880
But not all Nazi supporters
were as pleased as their Fuhrer.

438
00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:18,320
That changed the whole history,
because from that moment on,

439
00:42:18,320 --> 00:42:20,720
<font color="
an imperialist

440
00:42:20,720 --> 00:42:23,440
and wanted to conquer
whatever he wanted to conquer

441
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,920
and it had nothing more
to do

442
00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:30,520
with the self-determination
of the German people in Sudeten.

443
00:42:30,520 --> 00:42:34,320
That, one could accept, but now
<font color="

444
00:42:34,320 --> 00:42:37,640
This was really terrible,
what he did then.

445
00:42:39,840 --> 00:42:42,320
SIR FRANK ROBERTS:

446
00:42:39,840 --> 00:42:42,320
And, of course,

447
00:42:42,320 --> 00:42:45,360
this came
as a great shock to Chamberlain.

448
00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:50,360
He thought at least Hitler would
consult him before doing anything.

449
00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:53,520
<font color="

450
00:42:53,520 --> 00:42:59,480
It was rather like Saul on the road
to Damascus, in some ways.

451
00:42:59,480 --> 00:43:02,320
The British knew Hitler's next
demand

452
00:43:02,320 --> 00:43:06,920
would be for the return of
former German territory in Poland.

453
00:43:06,920 --> 00:43:09,040
This time,
<font color="

454
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:14,760
If an attempt were made

455
00:43:14,760 --> 00:43:18,080
to change the situation by force...

456
00:43:19,360 --> 00:43:23,840
..in such a way as to threaten
Polish independence...

457
00:43:26,120 --> 00:43:32,680
..why, then, that would inevitably
start a general conflagration,

458
00:43:32,680 --> 00:43:36,960
in which this country
<font color="

459
00:43:36,960 --> 00:43:42,080
Hitler demanded
the return of Danzig to Germany -

460
00:43:42,080 --> 00:43:45,800
a city in the so-called Polish
corridor of land

461
00:43:45,800 --> 00:43:49,480
between East
Prussia and the rest of Germany.

462
00:43:49,480 --> 00:43:52,720
As the crisis intensified,

463
00:43:52,720 --> 00:43:55,440
Hitler retreated to the Berghof.

464
00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:39,080
<font color="
with Britain lay in ruins.

465
00:44:39,080 --> 00:44:42,840
In its place, he faced war
with Britain and France

466
00:44:42,840 --> 00:44:46,160
if he did
what he wanted and invaded Poland.

467
00:44:46,160 --> 00:44:50,640
He needed a radical solution
to his problems.

468
00:44:50,640 --> 00:44:53,160
<font color="

469
00:44:53,160 --> 00:44:57,480
'ushers in a new, incomprehensible
chapter in German diplomacy.

470
00:44:57,480 --> 00:44:59,560
'What has happened to the principles
of My fight?

471
00:44:59,560 --> 00:45:01,360
'What can Russia have in common
with Germany

472
00:45:01,360 --> 00:45:02,680
'to throw over the peace front?'

473
00:45:08,560 --> 00:45:10,320
<font color="

474
00:45:10,320 --> 00:45:13,800
on the back of trade negotiations
with the Soviet Union,

475
00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:16,440
the Nazis had been making
tentative moves

476
00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:18,440
towards an alliance
between the two countries.

477
00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:24,160
On 23rd August 1939,

478
00:45:24,160 --> 00:45:29,560
Ribbentrop
<font color="
with the Soviet Union,

479
00:45:29,560 --> 00:45:32,160
which protected Hitler from having
to fight a war on two fronts.

480
00:45:32,160 --> 00:45:34,800
A secret part of the pact guaranteed
Stalin a share in the spoils,

481
00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:36,040
once Hitler invaded Poland.

482
00:45:37,520 --> 00:45:40,800
Hitler was now allied
<font color="

483
00:45:42,480 --> 00:45:46,200
As this was being signed in Moscow,

484
00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:50,080
Hitler stood with his guests on the
terrace of the Berghof

485
00:45:50,080 --> 00:45:51,560
and stared at the sky.

486
00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:30,400
A Hungarian woman in Hitler's
entourage looked at the sky,

487
00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:32,600
and then turned to speak to her
<font color="

488
00:47:05,680 --> 00:47:08,240
On the 1st of September 1939,

489
00:47:08,240 --> 00:47:10,840
Germany invaded Poland.

490
00:47:12,640 --> 00:47:17,680
On the 3rd of September,
Britain and France declared war.